Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport opened on February 26, 1979, built as part of Taiwan's Ten Major Construction Projects to relieve the overcrowded Taipei Songshan Airport, which had been the capital's only international gateway until that point. The airport originally opened under the name Chiang Kai-shek International Airport. On September 6, 2006, it was officially renamed Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport, reclaiming the geographic identity that planners had originally intended before the name was changed at the last moment before the 1979 inauguration.

Situated in Dayuan District, Taoyuan City, roughly 40 km west of central Taipei, the airport is Taiwan's largest and busiest, handling approximately 47.8 million passengers in 2025. It is the main hub for China Airlines, Taiwan's flag carrier, and EVA Air, the privately held Star Alliance member established in 1989. Starlux Airlines and Tigerair Taiwan also operate from the airport. Long-haul routes connect the airport to cities across North America, Europe, Southeast Asia, and Northeast Asia, with Terminal 1 oriented toward shorter regional sectors and Terminal 2 handling much of the long-haul traffic.

Terminal 1, designed by structural engineer Tung-Yen Lin and influenced by Eero Saarinen's Washington Dulles International Airport, underwent a major renovation completed in 2012. Terminal 2 opened in July 2000. A third terminal, designed by British firm Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners, has been under development with a capacity of 45 million passengers annually. The Taoyuan Airport MRT, which opened in March 2017, links both terminals directly to Taipei Main Station and surrounding cities, substantially improving ground connectivity for travelers passing through each year.